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Latest CE Project Watershed Management Concept and Principles PPT & DOCUMENT

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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 23.399999618530273px;">Water scarcity is increasing globally due to a combination of factors including increasing human population demands, unpredictable precipitation patterns, and inappropriate water management practices. Climate change is expected to exacerbate floods, droughts, and pollution. Most immediately, the rapid melting of montane glaciers is already contributing to flooding and / or decreasing summer river flow and therefore freshwater availability to millions of people who live in downstream countries. In China, these problems affect populations in all seven major river basins, including the Yangtze, Mekong, Yellow, Pearl, and Salween Rivers. Improved watershed management can partially mitigate these impacts. Knowledge and application of relevant eco-hydrologic principles is improving water resource management in watersheds around the world. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Watershed is not simply the hydrological unit but also socio-political-ecological entity which plays crucial role in determining food, social, and economical security and provides life support services to rural people. The criteria for selecting watershed size also depend on the objectives of the development and terrain slope. A large watershed can be managed in plain valley areas or where forest or pasture development is the main objective. In hilly areas or where intensive agriculture development is planned, the size of watershed relatively preferred is small.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">The rain-fed agriculture contributes 58 per cent to world’s food basket from 80 per cent agriculture lands (Raju et al. 2008). As a consequence of global population increase, water for food production is becoming an increasingly scarce resource, and the situation is further aggravated by climate change (Molden, 2007). The rain- fed areas are the hotspots of poverty, malnutrition, food insecurity, prone to severe land degradation, water security and poor social and institutional infrastructure (Rockstorm et al. 2007; Wani et al. 2007). </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Watershed development program is, therefore, considered as an effective tool for addressing many of these problems and recognized as potential engine for agriculture growth and development in fragile and marginal rain-fed areas (Joshi et al. 2005; Ahluwalia and Wani et al. 2006). Management of natural resources at watershed scale produces multiple benefits in terms of increasing food production, improving livelihoods, protecting environment, addressing gender and equity issues along with biodiversity concerns (Sharma, 2002; Wani et al. 2003a,b; Joshi et al. 2005; and Rockstorm et al. 2007).</span></div>
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Latest CE Project Watershed Management Concept and Principles PPT & DOCUMENT

Water scarcity is increasing globally due to a combination of factors including increasing human population demands, unpredictable precipit...

Materials and Methods of Construction

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<b>1. Asphalt Shingles</b>Shingles have to be tough to survive the scorching and bone-chilling temperatures a roof suffers. Once their roofing lifespan ends, shingles can be recycled into pavement projects such as patching potholes. Moreover, because asphalt shingles contain crude oil, they can also be repurposed as fuel for cement kilns and other operations.<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>2. Reclaimed Wood</b>Provenance, beauty, and strength—these are the characteristics that make reclaimed wood products so appealing to today’s designers and consumers. Many older buildings contain weathered wood products that can be milled and processed into stunning new products, such as paneling, flooring, and countertops. Reclaimed timber may also be used for structural lumber in new building projects.</div>
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<b>3. Steel</b>Steel is the one of the most frequently recycled materials on the planet, for the simple reason that it doesn’t lose structural strength after being recycled. For more than 150 years, recycled steel has been used in new buildings, bridges, cars, and more. Recycled steel is less expensive to produce than virgin steel. Plus, recycling steel causes far fewer carbon emissions than extracting new steel. In 2008, scrap metal recycling was an $86 billion industry that supported 85,000 good-paying American jobs. Steel salvaging and similar recycling efforts help to offset the country’s trade deficit while replacing former manufacturing jobs.</div>
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<b>4. Drywall</b>Sandwich gypsum between two sheets of paper and you have drywall. Its high recycling value is due to drywall’s varied recycling potentials: Gypsum scraps can be used to patch walls, to form concrete, or to create new drywall. The gypsum in drywall is beloved by gardeners, who use it to nourish plants. Finally, the paper in drywall can be recycled as well. Salvaging drywall is an Earth-friendly operation, not only because it reduces landfill volumes, but also because drywall in landfills can leak sulfate into nearby watersheds.</div>
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<b>5. Glass and Windows</b>Like steel, glass can be repeatedly recycled with no loss of quality. Environmentally conscious consumers and businesses are drawn to glass because it’s inherently green—for every ton of glass that’s recycled rather than extracted, a ton of natural resources are saved. Windows salvaged from demolition sites can be recycled for any number of applications, from sandblasting to paving parking lots.</div>
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Materials and Methods of Construction

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Ready Mix Concrete & CONCRETE With PPT & DOCUMENT

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<span style="background-color: white;">Few things are more aggravating to produce on a worksite than concrete. Bags of cement, sand, aggregate (gravel) and possibly other additives must be delivered to the construction area. A supply of clean water is also necessary, along with a rented concrete mixing hopper. Even after all the dusty and heavy ingredients have been loaded into the hopper, one small error in the wet/dry ratio can render an entire batch of concrete unusable. One common solution to this messy and time-consuming problem is “READY MIX CONCRETE”. Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is a ready-to-use material, with predetermined mixture of cement, sand, aggregates and water. RMC is a type of concrete manufactured in a factory according to a set recipe or as per specifications of the customer, at a centrally located batching plant.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">It is delivered to a worksite, often in truck mixers capable of mixing the ingredients of the concrete en route or just before delivery of the batch. This results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and implemented on construction sites. The second option available is to mix the concrete at the batching plant and deliver the mixed concrete to the site in an agitator truck, which keeps the mixed concrete in correct form. In the case of the centrally mixed type, the drum carrying the concrete revolves slowly so as to prevent the mixed concrete from "segregation" and prevent its stiffening due to initial set.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">However, in the case of the truck-mixed concrete, the batched materials (sand, gravel and cement) are carried and water is added just at the time of mixing. In this case the cement remains in contact with the wet or moist material and this phase cannot exceed the permissible period, which is normally 90 minutes.</span></div>
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Few things are more aggravating to produce on a worksite than concrete. Bags of cement, sand, aggregate (gravel) and possibly other additi...

Base Isolation and Seismic Consideration in Civil Engineering

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Earthquake is sudden shaking of the earth surface caused by a source of disturbance inside the earth. It occurs due to sudden mass shifting in bedrock caused by forces within the earth. It causes one of the most destructive natural disasters leading to heavy losses of life and property. These losses can be minimized if suitable measures are taken in the design, construction and maintenance of structures and foundation built on ground.</div>
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This report is attempt to understand and assess the seismic forces (earthquake forces) so that damages caused by them can be prevented. Base isolation and seismic dampers are two type of technologies that can be used to reduce the effect of earthquake. Many other remedial measures are also listed here.</div>
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<b>Base Isolation :-</b></div>
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The idea behind the Base Isolation is to detach (isolate) the building from the ground in such a way that earthquake motions are not transmitted up through the building, or at least greatly reduced.</div>
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If a building is rested on flexible pads that offer resistance against lateral movements, then some effect of the ground shaking will be transferred to the building above. If the flexible pads are properly chosen, the forces induced by ground shaking can be a few times smaller than that experienced by the building built directly on ground.</div>
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<b>Seismic Dampers:-</b></div>
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Seismic Dampers are fixed in place of structural elements as diagonal braces.</div>
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They absorb a part of seismic energy when it is transmitted through them.</div>
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Base Isolation and Seismic Consideration in Civil Engineering

Earthquake is sudden shaking of the earth surface caused by a source of disturbance inside the earth. It occurs due to sudden mass shiftin...

Types of Cofferdams With PPT & DOCUMENT - Good Civil Enginnering mini Project

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<span style="background-color: white;">Cofferdam is defined as a temporary structure which is constructed to remove water and/or soil from an area and allow it for further work.</span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white;">Types of Cofferdam:</b></div>
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<li style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Single wall cofferdam</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Double wall cofferdam</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Single Wall Cofferdam : This type of cofferdam is used in a place where the area to be enclosed is very small and it is suitable up to a maximum depth of water of 25m.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Double Wall Cofferdam : A cofferdam consisting of two lines of sheet piles are tied to each other, and having the space between is filled with sand. This type of cofferdam is used in a place where the area to be enclosed is very large and depth of water is high.</span></div>
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Types of Cofferdams With PPT & DOCUMENT - Good Civil Enginnering mini Project

Cofferdam is defined as a temporary structure which is constructed to remove water and/or soil from an area and allow it for further work....